#Webbed hands and feet skin#

The autosomal dominant mode of inheritance is evident in most of the types. that was mainly an extended version of the Temtamy and McKusick classification system. In 2012, a nine-type classification system was put forward by Malik et al. The classification system of Temtamy and McKusick provided the basis for the latest modern classification system, which additionally considers advancements made clinically, as well as in basic molecular studies. The classification system of Temtamy and McKusick for non-syndromic syndactyly is largely based on the phenotypic appearance (nature or site of affected limbs), along with segregation of the disorder in affected families. It can be simple or complex, complete or incomplete, and osseous (bone-involved) or cutaneous (only skin-involved). The classification of non-syndromic SD can be performed in different ways, based on the various phenotypes. SD can be completely or partially identified as bony or cutaneous, involving the phalanges, and may extend to the carpal and tarsal bones, even to the metacarpal and metatarsal levels of the limbs, and occasionally adjacent to the distal end of the forearm and foreleg. The extent of variability of the disorder can even be observed in the same individual as he/she may have asymmetrical phenotypic features in the hands and feet, as well as between the right hand and left hand. Moreover, inter- or intra-familial phenotypic variability is relatively common. It may be symmetrical or asymmetrical and unilateral or bilateral. SD is genetic in origin clinically, it is an extremely heterogeneous developmental deformity. Its occurrence in males is twice that in females, and mothers aged 40 years or older are more likely to produce children with inborn limb deformities compared to mothers who are 30 years of age or younger. It is one of the most common hereditary limb disorders, with a prevalence of 3–10 in every 10,000 births, although higher estimates in the range of 10–40/10,000 have been reported. Syndactyly is derived from the Greek word “syn”, meaning together, and “dactylos”, meaning digits. Syndactyly (SD) is a congenital digital malformation characterized by webbing of the fingers and toes.

#Webbed hands and feet skin#

Furthermore, we also discuss some recently introduced modern surgical techniques, such as free skin grafting, improved flap techniques, and dermal fat grafting in combination with the Z-method incision, which have been successfully practiced clinically with no post-operative complications. We describe how different types of mutation in HOXD13 cause various types of SD, and how a mutation in HOXD13 could affect its interaction with other genes, which may be one of the reasons behind the differential phenotypes and incomplete penetrance. We briefly describe the classification of non-syndromic SD based on variable phenotypes to explain different phenotypic features and mutations in the various genes responsible for the pathogenesis of different types of SD. This article also proposes a procedure for genetic analysis to obtain a clearer genotype–phenotype correlation for SD in the future. Thus, this review article provides background information on SD, as well as insights into phenotypic and genetic heterogeneity, newly identified gene mutations in various SD types, the role of HOXD13 in limb deformities, and recently introduced modern surgical techniques for SD.

This gives the feet more force per stroke against the water.A comprehensive summary of recent knowledge in syndactyly (SD) is important for understanding the genetic etiology of SD and disease management. For an older child: How do webbed feet help ducks swim better? (No water can pass through gaps between the toes.What type of foot do you think would push a duck better through water-a webbed foot or a non-webbed foot? (Webbed foot).

Which hand pushed the toys farther-the “webbed” hand or the “non-webbed” hand? (Webbed hand).Now try to move the toys by pushing the water with your hands.Spread your fingers apart on both hands and move them slowly back and forth. Put both hands in the water behind the toys.Ask your child: How is the hand that is covered with a plastic bag like a webbed foot? (Water cannot pass between the fingers of this hand, just as water cannot pass between the toes of a webbed foot.).Secure the bag in place with a loosely fitting rubber band. Place a plastic bag over one of your child’s hands.Explain that the flaps of skin between the duck’s toes form what we call a webbed foot. Show your child a picture of a duck’s webbed foot. Use a plastic bag and water to demonstrate how webbed feet work.